India’s Water Quality Crisis and 5 Ways to Improve Our Ranking

India is grappling with a severe water crisis, underscored by recent data highlighting critical challenges in water quality and availability.

The Annual Ground Water Quality Report – 2024 reveals alarming contamination levels across various regions, threatening public health and agricultural productivity.

Despite India housing about 18% of the world’s population, it possesses only 4% of global water resources, making it one of the most water-stressed countries globally.

The Water Quality Index is a simple way to present to citizens data pertaining to the quality of water within the state.

Just like the Air Quality Index, or UV Index, it provides readings as per a healthy benchmark – deemed through a series of tests and research findings – and an assessment of where the water tapped from various sources across the country ranks.

Earlier this year, a proposal to introduce a committee to develop a Water Quality Index similar to the one already developed and in-use Air Quality Index (AQI) was floated in India.

Soon after, a committee comprising senior environment scientists from Telangana, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, and a few other states was then summoned to undertake this assessment.

India’s Alarming Water Quality Rankings

On 15th June 2018, NITI Ayog released the first of its alarming reports, painting a dismal picture for India as a whole as far as water quality rankings go.

Already facing one of the worst water crises in history, India ranked 120 out of 122 countries in the Water Quality Index.

The situation is slated to worsen, with projections stating that by 2030, the demand for water will be twice the available supply.

The 6th of 17 Sustainable Development Goals floated by the United Nations Development Program focuses on ensuring the availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation as a key action point toward ending poverty by 2030.

Avinash Kumar, Director – Programs and Policy, WaterAid India, says in his message on Drinking Water Quality in India, “India has more number of people in rural areas – 63.4 million – living without access to clean water than any other country in the world.

That is more than the combined population of Punjab, Haryana, and Uttarakhand. Compared globally, that is as many people as living in Australia, Sweden, Sri Lanka, and Bulgaria,” citing a truly catastrophic crisis on our hands.

In fact, India is already a water-stressed nation, with per capita water availability projected to drop to 1,341 cubic meters by 2025.

The facts, though alarming, aren’t really surprising given that approximately 600 million Indians are said to have water-related issues, 75% of India’s households still do not have drinking water, and 70% of the water supply is contaminated.

While Gujarat topped the list with a healthy score of 76 (out of 100), it was followed closely by Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Maharashtra.

Additionally, it also states that 52% of India’s agricultural area is still dependent on rainfall, bringing to focus the need for expansion and last-mile efficiency of irrigation methods in use.

The access and availability of water impact not just the health and lives of citizens, but also has an impact on livelihoods, 70% of which is still dependent on agriculture and allied sectors.

But that’s not all.

The sustainability and long-term balance of the ecosystem – soil, water, air – are very nuanced, minutely interdependent, and linked, and also depend on the overall health of each element.

There is no better time than now to begin to reverse this crisis, whether through simple, small measures implemented within every household or policy-level change that can mobilise greater change.

Rainwater Harvesting

An overdependence on groundwater alone, despite receiving an abundance of rain in the form of a solid monsoon, has been one of our biggest undoing.

Several cities like Bangalore, facing an excessive demand and steep increase in extraction levels, are fast drying up.

The Hindu report highlights Bangalore’s vulnerability to groundwater depletion, with the city facing a severe water crisis in 2025 as many borewells dry up and reliance on alternative sources increases.

This is alarming, given that Karnataka as a whole stands in the top 5 states in the water quality rankings.

The exploitation of our natural resources and not enough attention to recharging them will ensure that we get there faster.

Rainwater harvesting is a proven and sustainable method to channel the force of the monsoon to recharge this groundwater.

Given the rampant development and real-estate growth, rainwater harvesting should become a mandated practice closely tied to the issuance of licenses to dig borewells.

Efficient Irrigation

Despite the tremendous improvements in infrastructure post the Green Revolution, issues pertaining to the efficient management of irrigation systems persist.

Traditionally, we have focused on large dams.

However, it is increasingly seen that these have definite constraints in providing economical and efficient channels of irrigation to the last mile.

Smaller, focused systems like surface works and others like drip and sprinkler irrigation must be looked at.

Awareness about these, as well as the urgent need to return water to ground sources, is a crucial step in restoring the water table.

Reduce Water Footprint

The 2013 drought in Maharashtra, said to be one of the worst experienced in 40 years, shook the country.

While the larger reason was a failed monsoon the previous year, given climate change and weather irregularities, several environmentalists believe this is a reality we must brace ourselves for.

Citizens must be made aware of their water footprint, encouraged to examine consumption patterns, and drastically reduce thoughtless wastage.

We would do good to find ways to judiciously use the resources we have left, as well as be sensitive to actively restoring those that are fast drying up.

As a country, with the ongoing efforts to sanitation and provide toilets, we could explore waterless toilets and harness other energy sources such as wind to do the work water has.

Clean Up and Restore Existing Waterways and Water Bodies

There are countless ways in which our systems are failing us when it comes to managing or containing water pollution.

Sanitation, public health, and water management in even the most urban Indian cities fall severely short of healthy benchmarks.

Plastic and other waste, sewerage, and industrial effluents continue to choke our waterways and rivers and find their way to the sea, thereby further polluting our water systems.

This poses serious health hazards and has a horrific impact on the health and stability of the water table, which is the only source of all our water.

Waste Water Management

Managing wastewater is one of the prominent ways in which we can immediately clean up our act and return largely clean water back to our groundwater sources or for use in irrigation and other needs.

Whether in the smallest homes, larger housing complexes, or commercial and industrial establishments, energy-efficient, cost-effective, and sustainable solutions to manage wastewater are the need of the hour.

Our solutions meet the needs of a wide range of industries and municipal bodies and can be custom-designed to effectively and substantially degrade organic waste.

Get nature to work for you with our help, and see how you can dramatically reduce sludge, curb operational costs, and significantly lower COD and BOD levels in water significantly.

Unless we urgently look at means to contain the inflow of pollutants and effluents into our sources of water, explore sustainable methods to conserve and recharge groundwater and other finite sources and find ways in which to access better availability of water to all our citizens, our future will continue to look bleak and very, very dry.