Ama-Microbes: Wonke Umlimi Akayona Inkanyezi Eyimfihlo Kakhulu

Umhlabathi wethu ungesinye sezizathu ezivelele kakhulu zokuthi ukuphila kungenzeka kule planethi.

Ngokwencazelo, inhlabathi iyinxenye engaphezulu eyenziwe ngamaminerali ahlukahlukene kanye nezinto eziphilayo.

Umhlabathi weseka futhi wondle impilo yezitshalo nezilwane ngokuwuhlinzeka ngemisoco.

Abantu basendulo bashintsha isiphetho sabo nesethu lapho besuka ekubeni ngabazingeli baba ngabalimi bomhlaba.

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ikhemistri yethu enenhlabathi iye yavela futhi yasiza ukwakha isisekelo sempucuko yethu echumayo kule planethi.

Kusukela kulwelwe oluncane oluyi-unicellular kuya ezitshalweni eziyinkimbinkimbi zemithambo, cishe zonke izitshalo zidinga inhlabathi ukuze zithuthuke.

Yonke inhlabathi ekhona eMhlabeni iyinhlanganisela yezingxenye ezintathu: ubumba, udaka, nesihlabathi.

Lezi zingxenye zibonisa ngqo izakhiwo zomhlabathi njengomthamo wokubamba amanzi kanye namazinga wezakhamzimba, futhi zidlala indima ebalulekile emikhubeni yezolimo.

Kuyadingeka ukuthi noma yimuphi umlimi acabangele ukwakheka komhlabathi ukuze aqinisekise isivuno esiyimpumelelo.

Ukuqonda umhlabathi nakho kusiza umlimi ukuthi akhethe indlela yokunisela eyiyo yezitshalo zakhe.

Isibonelo, i-loam, uhlobo lomhlabathi oluvundile kakhulu , luqukethe cishe isilinganiso esilinganayo sobumba, udaka, nesihlabathi.

Inamandla angcono okubamba amanzi anezinga eliphezulu lokungenisa umoya kanye nokwakheka kwezakhi eziphezulu, konke okubalulekile ekukhuleni kwezitshalo ezinempilo.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, inhlabathi enesihlabathi inomoya ophezulu, futhi amanzi aphuma kalula.

Ubumba lwenziwe ngezinhlayiya ezinhle futhi lunendawo enkulu.

Umhlabathi onephesenti eliphezulu lobumba unamandla aphezulu okubamba amanzi, futhi ukutholakala kwamanzi ngokweqile kubangela ukunqwabelana kwamanzi ezimpandeni.

Yonke inhlabathi emhlabeni iqukethe izinhlobo ezimbili zamaminerali.

Amaminerali ayisisekelo abonisa ngokuqondile izinto zomzali lapho umhlabathi wakheka khona, njenge-calcium, insimbi, i-magnesium, ne-silica.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amaminerali esibili angumphumela wokuguquka kwamaminerali ayinhloko.

Banomthwalo wemfanelo wokukhululwa kwama-ion amaningana kanye nokuzinzisa ifomu lamaminerali.

Okuqukethwe kwamaminerali enhlabathini kuyahlukahluka ngokwezwe.

Isibonelo, inhlabathi ebomvu evela e-Western Ghats iqukethe inani eliphezulu lama-iron oxides, kanti inhlabathi esigodini saseGanga inothile ngama-silicates.

Kanye namaminerali, okuqukethwe kwe-organic kungenye ingxenye ebalulekile yokukhula kwezitshalo ezinempilo.

Izilwane ezifile kanye nezitshalo, kanye nendle yezilwane, yizona ezinomthelela omkhulu wokuqukethwe kwemvelo emhlabathini.

Umhlabathi ocebile ngokuqukethwe kwe-organic ungcono kakhulu kwezolimo njengoba uhlinzeka izitshalo ngezinto ezibalulekile ezifana ne-nitrogen, isulfure, ne-carbon.

Okuqukethwe kwe-organic nakho kugcina umswakama futhi kugcina izimpande zimanzi.

• Funda: Amagciwane: Amaqhawe Angabonakali

Umhlabathi ukhulisa ezolimo zethu, futhi ezolimo zisekela futhi zichaza izimpilo zethu ngokusinika ukudla.

Kodwa-ke, ezolimo zivame ukuphazamisa imvelo yemvelo, njengoba kungeyona yonke inhlabathi elungele ukulima.

Isidingo sokushintsha nokuthuthukisa inhlabathi ukuze kwandiswe isivuno saholela ekusungulweni nasekusetshenzisweni komanyolo wokwenziwa.

Ukusetshenziswa kwazo okudlangile, ngokungenabulungisa, nokungafanele kuye kwaholela enkingeni yomhlaba wonke yokungavuni kwenhlabathi kanye nesimiso semvelo esiphazamisekile nesicekeleke phansi emhlabeni wonke.

Ama-microorganisms afana namagciwane, i-protozoa, nesikhunta yi-microflora yomhlabathi.

Zihlala emhlabathini futhi zisebenzisa izinto eziphilayo kanye namaminerali akhona emhlabathini njengokudla kwazo.

Lawa ma-microorganisms ahlome ngokugcwele izimboni ze-biochemical enza izenzo ezihlukahlukene zokondla izitshalo.

Ake sithathe isibonelo sokulungiswa kwe-nitrogen. Umkhathi wethu wakhiwe ngamaphesenti angu-78 e-nitrogen.

I-nitrogen nayo ikhona kuzo zonke izinhlobo eziphilayo, kusukela ekwakhekeni kwethu kofuzo kuya kuma-amino acid.

Naphezu kokwakhiwa kwe-nitrogen, asikho isilwane noma isitshalo esingadla i-nitrogen yasemkhathini ngokuqondile.

I-nitrogen yasemkhathini idinga ukulungiswa kuqala enhlabathini, lapho iqala khona uhambo lwayo ngokusebenzisa i-ecosystem yethu futhi iye ekudleni kwethu.

Ama-microorganisms alungisa i-nitrogen enhlabathini ngokuyiguqula ibe ama-nitrate bese kuba ama-nitrites, asetshenziswa izitshalo.

Amabhaktheriya noma isikhunta esilungisa i-nitrogen sikhona enhlabathini ngezindlela ezimbili: ukuphila ngokukhululeka kanye nokuhlangana kwezimpande zezitshalo.

Amabhaktheriya aphilayo mahhala njenge- Azotobacter awadingi umninimzi ukuze alungise i-nitrogen.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amabhaktheriya e-symbiotic ahlala ezimpandeni zezitshalo, akha isakhiwo esilungisa i-nitrogen.

Amabhaktheriya e-Symbiotic afana ne-Rhizobia atholakala kakhulu ezitshalweni ze-leguminous.

Izindlela zezitshalo ezishintshayo zazibandakanya ukutshala izitshalo ezimila imidumba njengoba zibuyisela initrogen esetshenziswe isitshalo sangaphambilini, ukugcina ibhalansi yezakhi emhlabathini.

Kanye ne-nitrogen, i-phosphorus iyisici sesibili esibalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwezitshalo.

Ezigabeni zokuqala zokukhula kwezitshalo, ukutholakala kwe-phosphorus okwanele kubalulekile ekuthuthukiseni izingxenye zokuzala zezitshalo.

I-Phosphorus iqinisa izitshalo ngokunikeza ubungqabavu kanye nokumelana nezifo njengoba inesibopho sokukhula kwezimpande.

Iphinde ilawule ukwakheka kwembewu kanye nokuvuthwa kokusanhlamvu nemifino.

Ukushoda kwePhosphorus kukhinyabeza ukukhula kwezitshalo.

Nakuba ikhona ngobuningi enhlabathini, kumafomu e-organic kanye ne-inorganic, ukutholakala kwawo kulinganiselwe ngenxa yemvelo yawo engancibiliki.

Amabhaktheriya amaningana, i-actinomycetes, nezinhlobo ze-fungal zingancibilikisa i-phosphorus ekhona emhlabathini.

I-Solubilised phosphorus iwuhlobo lwe-bioavailable olusiza ukumuncwa yizimpande zezitshalo.

Izinga lokushisa, kanye nokuba khona kwezinye izakhi ezifana ne-nitrogen nomoya-mpilo, kuthonya kakhulu ikhono le-phosphate-solubilising lalezi zinambuzane.

• Funda futhi: Ingabe amagciwane angathuthukisa impilo yezilwane epulazini lakho lezinkukhu?

Kanye nezakhamzimba namanzi, izitshalo zidinga ama-hormone ezitshalo, okuhlanganisa ama-auxin, ama-gibberellin, ama-cytokinins, ama-abscisic acid, kanye ne-ethylene.

Nakuba izitshalo zingahlanganisa amahomoni ukuze zithuthukise ukukhula kwazo, inani ngokuvamile alinele.

Amagciwane, kanye nesikhunta esihlala ku-rhizosphere, nawo akhiqiza amahomoni ezitshalo njengama-metabolites awo esibili.

Ukuba seduze kwalawa magciwane kusiza izitshalo ukuba zimunce amahomoni futhi zihlangabezane nezidingo zazo.

Embulungeni yonke, kuye kwenziwa izifundo eziningi kanye nocwaningo mayelana namagciwane ukuze kusetshenziswe amandla azo ukuthuthukisa ukukhiqizwa kwezolimo.

Lolu cwaningo seluholele ekuthuthukisweni komanyolo we-bio-fertiliser kanye nezibulala-zinambuzane ezisetshenziswa ezenzweni zokulima ezisimeme.

Ukusetshenziswa ngokuhlakanipha kwale mikhiqizo yezolimo enobungani nemvelo kunethuba lokuyisa umhlaba wethu phambili endleleni eya ekuphepheni kokudla.

Ama-bio-fertiliser akhiwe ngamagciwane aphilayo noma isikhunta.

Lezi zinambuzane ziqondene nezitshalo ezithile, futhi izenzo eziqondiswe kuzo ezitshalweni ezithile zibanika imisoco edingekayo kanye namahomoni.

Ngokungafani nezivundisi zokwenziwa ze-nitrogen ne-phosphate, izivundisi ze-bio azibangeli monakalo emhlabathini.

Ngemva kweminyaka engamashumi amane ye-Green Revolution, umanyolo wamakhemikhali nosawoti wawo kuye kwanqwabelana emhlabathini, okubangele ukwanda kwe-alkalinity ne-asidi.

Izivundisi ze-bio ezifana ne-MagicGro DripSol azigcini nje ngokukhulisa ukukhula kwezitshalo kodwa futhi ziphinde zibuyisele ikhwalithi yomhlabathi.

Aqukethe amabhaktheriya ahlukanisayo, ahlehlisa imiphumela ye-nitrogen leaching.

I-Urea, okungenye yezivundisi ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ngamakhemikhali, yabangela initrogen eningi emhlabathini.

Amagciwane ahlukanisayo asebenzisa i-ammonia nosawoti wawo futhi awaguqule abe yi-nitrogen eyigesi ekhishelwa emoyeni.

Ngokunciphisa umthamo we-nitrogen enhlabathini, ahlehlisa ukungcoliswa kwamakhemikhali, okuvumela izitshalo ukuba zikhule futhi zichume emhlabathini onempilo.

Ama-Bio-fertiliser eza ngezinhlobo ezahlukene; abalimi bangasebenzisa la ma-fertilizer ngokuwagcoba ezinhlamvini noma ngokuwafaka ngqo emhlabathini.

Zakha i-ecosystem enempilo enezimpande zezitshalo ezisiza ukuba zimunce imisoco eyengeziwe emhlabeni.

Umanyolo we-fungal bio-fertiliser usungula izinhlangano ze-mycorrhizal nezimpande zezitshalo ezigcina umswakama futhi zivikele izimpande ekuphelelweni amanzi emzimbeni.

Ama-Bio-fertiliser aphinde ahlanganise imikhiqizo esebenza njengama-antibiotics ngokumelene namagciwane ahlasela izimpande, okungukuthi, ahlinzeka ngokumelana nezifo zezitshalo.

Kanye nokudla, amagciwane angasetshenziswa ukuvikela izitshalo ezinambuzaneni eziyingozi, usongo oluyinhloko ezitshalweni ezikhulayo.

Kunezimo emlandweni lapho izinambuzane ziye zabangela indlala ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zomhlaba.

Kunemibiko eminingi yokunqwabelana kwezibulala-zinambuzane emifuleni nasemachibini ecekele phansi izitshalo nezilwane zendawo.

I-DDT, isibulala-zinambuzane esidume kabi esisetshenziswa eNdiya, inesibopho sokuqothula zonke izinyoni nezinhlanzi.

Ezinye izibulala-zinambuzane zamakhemikhali ziyi-mutagens - amakhemikhali abangela ukwakheka kwesimila.

Izibulala-zinambuzane zinezinzuzo eziningi kunezibulala-zinambuzane zamakhemikhali.

Kuyimikhiqizo eqondene nezitshalo ezithile equkethe izakhi zofuzo ezihlasela izinambuzane.

Azinangozi kubantu noma ku-ecosystem, futhi izenzo zazo ezihlosiwe zehlisa izinambuzane, zishiya isitshalo sichume.

Ama-bio-herbicides aqukethe izakhi zofuzo ezihlaselayo eziqondise ukhula oluqhudelana nezitshalo ukuze luthole amanzi nemisoco, lugcine luzibulale.

Amagciwane avela kumanyolo we-bio, izibulala-zinambuzane, kanye nama-bio-herbicides ayaziphindaphinda.

Uma siqhathanisa izindleko zemikhiqizo yokwenziwa esetshenziswa njalo ngesizini naleyo yemikhiqizo ye-bio, awukho umqhudelwano.

Imikhiqizo ye-bio iwina izandla.

Sivame ukuzwa ogogo nomkhulu bethu bekhuluma ngokuthi imifino yayinambitheka kanjani beseyizingane.

Abanaphutha. Umanyolo wokwenziwa kanye nezibulala-zinambuzane ziphuca izitshalo nemifino yethu ukunambitheka kwako kwemvelo!

Cabanga ngezwe lapho yonke into imnandi.

Ingabe thina, nezizukulwane ezizayo, asikufanelekele ukuzwa ukunambitheka kwangempela kokudla okunomsoco, njengoba kwenza okhokho bethu?

Uma leli kuyikusasa esilifunayo, khona-ke ubuchwepheshe be-microbial buyimpendulo yethu.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bamagciwane ukusekela ukukhiqizwa kwezolimo kuyindlela efanele kakhulu yokusabela ekupheni okukhulu kwemvelo futhi yilokho anelungelo lokukuthola ngempela.