I-Biological Wastewater Treatment

TL; DR: Ukwelashwa kwamanzi amdaka ezinto eziphilayo kuyinqubo yesibili yokwelapha lapho ama-microorganism (ngokuyinhloko Bacillus futhi Pseudomonas izinhlobo) zibola ukungcola kwemvelo emanzini angcolile ezimbonini kanye nasendle yasekhaya. Isebenza ngezindlela ezimbili - i-aerobic (ngomoya-mpilo, ngokushesha, izindleko zamandla eziphezulu) kanye ne-anaerobic (ngaphandle komoya-mpilo, kancane, ikhiqiza i-biogas). ENdiya, yi-28% kuphela ye-72,368 MLD yendle yasemadolobheni ekhiqizwa nsuku zonke ephathwayo, okwenza izixazululo zokwelapha zebhayoloji ezisebenzayo zibe zibalulekile. Lo mhlahlandlela uhlanganisa izinhlobo zokwelapha, ubuchwepheshe (i-ASP, i-MBBR, i-MBR, i-SBR, i-UASB), ukukhethwa kwamagciwane, imingcele yokusebenza, ukuxazulula izinkinga, kanye nezixazululo ze-bioculture ezithuthukisiwe zezinhlelo ze-ETP kanye ne-STP.

Ukwelashwa kwamanzi angcolile ngokwebhayoloji kuyinqubo yemvelo, enobungani nemvelo esebenzisa amagciwane awusizo ukubola izinto eziphilayo nokususa ukungcola emanzini, okwenza kube okuphephile ukukhishwa noma ukusetshenziswa kabusha.

Lobu buchwepheshe obuqinisekisiwe, obasungulwa ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, buhlala buyindlela ephumelela kakhulu futhi eqhubekayo yokwelapha ukungcola kwezimboni kanye nendle yasekhaya emhlabeni jikelele.

Our izixazululo zokwelashwa kwamanzi angcolile hlanganisa amasiko athuthukile amagciwane — okuyindlela efakazelwe yokwelapha indle ngempumelelo kanye nokwelashwa kwamanzi angcolile ezimbonini, ngqo kusuka eLaboratory ye-Nature.

Ngokwakheka okukhethekile kwe-Organica Biotech kokwelashwa kwamanzi amdaka kanye nosizo oluncane oluvela emvelweni, unganciphisa umthamo wodaka kanye nezindleko zokusebenza, unciphise iphunga elibi, futhi wehlise kakhulu amazinga e-COD kanye ne-BOD emanzini.

Kuyini Ukwelashwa Kwamanzi Angcolile Ngezinto Eziphilayo?

Ukwelashwa kwamanzi amdaka ezinto eziphilayo kuyinqubo yesibili yokwelapha esebenzisa amagciwane avela ngokwemvelo ukubola ukungcola okungokwemvelo emanzini angcolile ezimbonini kanye nasendle yasekhaya.

Amagciwane asebenzisa izinto eziphilayo njengomthombo wawo wokudla, aguqula izinto ezinobuthi obukhulu zibe imikhiqizo engenangozi njenge-CO₂, amanzi, kanye ne-biomass.

Iyindlela esetshenziswa kakhulu yokwelapha kwesibili emhlabeni jikelele, esetshenziswa ngezinhlelo ze-aerobic (ezikhona nge-oxygen) kanye nezinhlelo ze-anaerobic (ezingekho nge-oxygen).

Kalula nje, luhlelo lapho amagciwane esetshenziswa khona ukuhlanza amanzi angcolile.

Lezi zinambuzane ezinamandla zibhidliza izinto eziphilayo futhi zisize ekususeni ukungcola okungenakuqedwa ukwelashwa ngokomzimba kuphela.

Uma ubheka phezulu, lo mqondo ungase ubonakale ulula, kodwa inqubo yokwelapha iyinkimbinkimbi, kuneziguquguquko eziningi ezidlala indima.

Izici ezahlukahlukene ezihlobene ne-biology, i-biochemistry, kanye nobunjiniyela zithinta ukusebenza kahle kwenqubo.

Ukwelashwa kwamanzi amdaka ezinto eziphilayo kwenzeka ngemva kokwelashwa okuyinhloko (ngokomzimba), lapho imfucuza eqinile, izibi, nezinto ezifana namafutha kususwa kusetshenziswa izikrini nezihlungi.

Esigabeni sesibili, ukwelashwa ngebhayoloji kwenzeka ngaphansi kwezimo ze-aerobic noma ze-anaerobic endaweni i-bioreactor — ithuluzi noma uhlelo lapho kwenzeka khona inqubo yamakhemikhali ehilela ama-microorganism.

Amanzi angcolile ahlanziwe, avame ukubizwa ngokuthi ukungcola, abese ekhishwa aye endaweni ezungezile noma acwebezelwe ngokwelashwa okuphakeme.

Yiziphi Izinhlobo Zokwelashwa Kwamanzi Angcolile Ezinto Eziphilayo?

Ukwelashwa kwamanzi amdaka ezinto eziphilayo kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko: Ukuvivinya umzimba ngendlela (isebenzisa i-oxygen) kanye i-anaerobic (akasebenzisi umoya-mpilo).

Ukukhetha phakathi kwazo kuncike ezicini zokungcola, indawo etholakalayo, imigomo yokubuyisa amandla, kanye nesabelomali sokusebenza.

Ezitshalweni eziningi zezimboni, izinqubo ze-aerobic kanye ne-anaerobic zihlanganiswa ndawonye ukuze kusebenze kahle kakhulu ukwelashwa.

I-Aerobic Wastewater Treatment

Enqubweni yebhayoloji ye-aerobic, ama-microbes asebenza kudoti wezinto eziphilayo kanye nezinto eziqinile ezilengayo lapho kukhona inani elanele lomoya-mpilo oncibilikisiwe (ngokuvamile u-1–2 mg/L).

Le nqubo iguqula udoti futhi ikhiphe isikhutha, amanzi, nezinye izinto ezikhiqizwayo.

Izici ezifana nokushisa, i-pH, kanye nokutholakala komoya-mpilo ziyizici ezibalulekile ezisiza amagciwane ukuba angcolise imfucuza ngendlela efanele.

Ukwelashwa nge-aerobic kwenziwa emathangini e-aerobic, emachibini okufaka i-oxidation, kanye nezinhlelo zokungenisa umoya ebusweni.

Le nqubo ihlanganisa nodaka olusebenzayo kanye nokugaya ukudla nge-aerobic, kanye nezinhlelo zokungenisa umoya ezigcina ukuhlinzekwa komoya-mpilo okuqhubekayo.

Ingxube ecebile yamagciwane, exutshwe nezakhamzimba eziningi kanye nomoya-mpilo, ikhuthaza ukukhula okusheshayo kwamagciwane kanye nokuphefumula, ibolisa izinto eziphilayo futhi ikhiqize udaka.

Kancane kancane, udaka kanye nemfucuza kuhlukanisiwe namanzi, kushiye amanzi ahlanzekile ngemuva.

Ukwelashwa nge-aerobic kuvame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu ekwelapheni amanzi angcolile asekhaya nasezimbonini aqukethe inani elikhulu lezinto eziphilayo.

Inikeza ukwelashwa okusheshayo (amahora kuya ezinsukwini) kodwa idinga amandla amaningi ngenxa yomoya oqhubekayo.

I-Anaerobic Wastewater Treatment

Ukwelashwa kwamanzi amdaka angenawo umoya-mpilo kusebenzisa amagciwane ukubola imfucuza yezinto eziphilayo lapho kungekho umoya-mpilo, okuguqula ukungcola kube yi-carbon dioxide, i-methane, neminye imikhiqizo yokugcina.

Isetshenziswa kakhulu embonini yezolimo kanye nokucubungula ukudla ukwelapha amanzi angcolile anokuqukethwe okunamandla kwemvelo.

Enye yezinzuzo ezinkulu zokwelapha nge-anaerobic ukubuyisa amandla. Ukugaya nge-anaerobic kuguqula imfucuza ibe yi-methane, esetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza i-biogas — umthombo wamandla avuselelekayo.

Le nqubo ihilela izigaba eziningi: i-hydrolysis, i-acidogenesis, i-acetogenesis, kanye ne-methanogenesis, lapho imiphakathi ehlukene yama-microbial isebenza njengezinto eziyisisekelo esigabeni ngasinye.

Izinhlelo ze-Anaerobic kumele zivalwe ngokuphelele futhi zinikezwe ukushisa. Nakuba inqubo idinga isikhathi eside sokugcina kanye nendawo enkulu, inikeza izindleko zokusebenza eziphansi kakhulu futhi ikhiqiza udaka oluncane kakhulu kunokwelashwa nge-aerobic.

Ukwelashwa Kwamanzi Angcolile Asebenzisa I-Aerobic vs. Anaerobic: Umehluko Obalulekile

Umehluko omkhulu ukuthi ukwelashwa nge-aerobic kusebenzisa amagciwane adinga umoya-mpilo ukuze aphefumule futhi angcolise izinto eziphilayo, kuyilapho ukwelashwa nge-anaerobic konakalisa izinto eziphilayo uma kungekho umoya-mpilo.

Ukukhetha inqubo efanele kuncike ezintweni eziningana:

• Ukutholakala Komhlaba: Izinqubo ze-Anaerobic zidinga isikhathi esiningi sokugcina, ngakho-ke izidingo zesikhala zikhulu.
• Izindleko zokusebenza: Izikhungo ze-aerobic zinezindleko eziphezulu ze-OPEX ngenxa yokuhlinzekwa nokugcinwa kwe-oxygen okuqhubekayo. Izinqubo ze-anaerobic zisebenza kahle kakhulu njengoba zingadingi ukufakwa kwamandla engeziwe.
• Uhlobo Lwemfucumfucu Nokutholwa Kwamandla: Uma ukungcola kuqukethe okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwezinto eziphilayo, amandla angabuyiswa njengoba i-biogas ngokwelashwa kwe-anaerobicUkubuyiselwa kwamandla e-aerobic kukhawulelwe odakeni olungokwemvelo olunezinsika ezifanele.

Ukwelashwa kwe-anaerobic kuvame ukukhethwa lapho umthwalo wezinto eziphilayo uphezulu kakhulu noma amanzi angcolile equkethe izinhlanganisela ze-xenobiotic (akunzima ukuwehlisa ngokwebhayoloji).

Izimboni eziningi zisebenzisa izinqubo zokwelapha nge-aerobic kanye ne-anaerobic ukuze zelashwe ngokuphelele.

Yimaphi Amatheknoloji Asetshenziswa Ekwelapheni Amanzi Angcolile Ezinto Eziphilayo?

Kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe obuningana ekwelapheni amanzi angcolile ngebhayoloji, okuhlanganisa i-Activated Sludge Process (ASP), i-Trickling Filters, i-MBBR, i-UASB, kanye namachibi anomoya.

Ukukhetha kuncike ohlotsheni lokungcola kwezimboni, imingcele okufanele iphathwe, kanye nokutholakala kwendawo.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ubuchwepheshe obukhethiwe bunjani, ukusebenza kahle kokwelashwa kuncike ekusebenzeni kahle kwesitshalo samagciwane esihlala esikhungweni sokwelashwa sesibili.

1. Inqubo Yokudaka Esebenzayo (i-ASP)

Inqubo yodaka olusebenzayo iyindlela yokwelapha amanzi angcolile e-aerobic evelele kakhulu futhi esetshenziswa kabanzi emhlabeni jikelele.

Ama-microbes ngaphansi kwezimo ezifakwe umoya-mpilo akha izinto eziqinile zebhayoloji ezibizwa ngokuthi i-activated sludge, ezimunca izinto eziphilayo ezincibilikisiwe futhi zinciphise I-BOD (Isidingo Se-Oksijini Yezinto Eziphilayo).

Indlela Esebenza ngayo:

• Amanzi angcolile axutshwa nodaka olusebenzayo ethangini lokungenisa umoya
• Ukunikezwa komoya-mpilo okuqhubekayo kunikezwa ngohlelo lokungenisa umoya
• Amagciwane anda ngokushesha futhi aguqula imfucuza yezinto eziphilayo
• Udaka luhlala endaweni yokucacisa yesibili
• ~30% wodaka luphinde lujikelezwe ethangini lokungenisa umoya (Buyisela i-Activated Sludge — RAS)
• Udaka oluningi luyasuswa (Udaka Olusebenzisa Imfucuza — WAS)

Ukwehluka: Umoya Owengeziwe, Ama-Reactors Okulandelana Kwe-Batch (SBR), I-Membrane Bioreactor (MBR), I-Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR)

2. Uhlelo Lokuhlunga Oluhamba Kancane

Uhlelo lokwelapha lwebhayoloji olunefilimu eqondile oluqukethe umbhede wamatshe, amatshe, noma izinto zepulasitiki.

Amanzi angcolile afuthwa njalo phezu kwemithombo yamanzi, ehla njengoba amagciwane ehlala endaweni engaphezulu, amunca ukungcola, akha ungqimba lwe-biomass, bese ehlisa i-BOD.

Ukujikeleza komoya wemvelo kunikeza umoya-mpilo kuyo yonke inqubo.

Izinzuzo: Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okuphansi, ukusebenza okulula, futhi kusingatha kahle imithwalo eguquguqukayo.

3. Ichibi Lokuxovula I-Oxidation (I-Aerated Lake)

Amachibi okukhipha i-oxidation ayizitsha zomhlaba ezinkulu, ezingajulile lapho amanzi angcolile ephathwa khona ngobudlelwano bokusebenzisana phakathi kwamagciwane, ulwelwe, kanye nokukhanya kwelanga.

I-algae yenza i-photosynthesis, ikhipha umoya-mpilo osetshenziswa yibhaktheriya ye-aerobic ukubola izinto eziphilayo.

Amabhaktheriya akhipha i-CO₂, esetshenziswa yi-algae ekukhuleni, okudala isimiso semvelo esizisekelayo.

Okuhle kakhulu: Imiphakathi emincane, imisebenzi yezolimo, izindawo ezinomhlaba owanele kanye nokukhanya kwelanga. Isikhathi esijwayelekile sokugcina izitshalo izinsuku ezingama-20-50.

Ezinye Izobuchwepheshe Ezisunguliwe

Ubuchwepheshe obengeziwe be- ukwelashwa kwemfucuza yezimboni kufaka phakathi i-Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR), i-Membrane Bioreactor (MBR), i-Sequencing Batch Reactors (SBR), i-Rotating Biological Contactor (RBC), i-Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB), ama-anaerobic lagoons, ama-anoxic reactors, ubuchwepheshe be-aerobic granular sludge, kanye nezinhlelo ze-anammox.

Iyiphi Indima Edlalwa Yizilokazane Ezincane Ekuhlanzweni Kwamanzi Angcolile?

Ama-microorganism ayingxenye ebalulekile yokwelashwa kwesibili kwamanzi angcolile — asebenza njengabaphinde basebenzise imvelo, aguqula ukungcola kube yimikhiqizo engenangozi ngenkathi edala uhlelo oluzimele ngaphakathi kwezinhlelo zokwelapha.

Ekwelapheni amanzi angcolile ezinto eziphilayo, amagciwane adla izinto eziphilayo njengomthombo wekhabhoni, i-nitrogen, i-phosphorus, nezinye izakhamzimba ezibalulekile ukuze kukhule.

Ngenxa yalokho, ziguqula izinto ezingcolisa kakhulu zibe izinto ezincane, ezingenabo ubuthi obungakhishwa ngokuphephile emvelweni.

Izinhlobo Ezivamile Zamagciwane Ekwelapheni Amanzi Angcolile

Amabhaktheriya avame kakhulu asetshenziswa njenge i-bioculture yokwelapha amanzi angcolile kukhona Bacillus futhi Izinhlobo ze-pseudomonas.

Izinhlobo ze-Bacillus:

• B. licheniformis — Kulimaza amaprotheni kanye nezinto eziphilayo eziyinkimbinkimbi
• B. subtilis — Ihlukanisa amafutha namafutha
• B. megaterium — Ukuncibilikiswa kwe-phosphate
• B. impumu — Ukukhiqizwa kwama-enzyme ukuze kuqhekeke izinto eziphilayo
• B. ama-coagulans — Ukuwohloka kwezinto eziphilayo okubekezelela i-asidi

Izinhlobo ze-Pseudomonas:

• P. aeruginosa — Kulimaza amakhemikhali anuka kamnandi
• P. putida — Iphula ama-hydrocarbon ayinkimbinkimbi
• Ama-fluorescens — Ibolisa izinto ezihlukahlukene ezingcolisa izinto eziphilayo

Amagciwane Akhethwa Kanjani Ukuze Alashwe?

Isisekelo sokukhetha isiko lamagciwane lokwelapha amanzi angcolile yimishini yezakhi zofuzo kanye ne-enzyme yezinto eziphilayo, ezizivumela ukuthi zonakalise i-substrates etholakala ezinhlotsheni ezithile zamanzi angcolile.

Imibandela yokukhetha ihlanganisa:

• Imishini Yezakhi Zofuzo: Amandla okukhiqiza ama-enzyme athile okungcola okuqondiwe
• Ukucaciswa kwe-Substrate: Amandla okonakalisa amakhemikhali ezinhlotsheni ezithile zamanzi amdaka
• ukubekezelelana: Amandla okumelana ne-pH eqile, izinga lokushisa, kanye nezimo ezinobuthi
• Izinga Lokukhula: Ukwanda okusheshayo ngaphansi kwezimo zokwelapha
• Ikhono Lokugeleza: Amandla okwenza ama-aggregate azinzile ukuze kube lula ukuwahlukanisa

Amafomu Okuphila Okuphakeme Njengezinkomba Zempilo Yesistimu

Ngaphandle kwamagciwane, izinhlobo zokuphila eziphakeme njenge-ciliates ezibhukuda ngokukhululekile, i-ciliates ezigobile, i-rotifers, kanye ne-tardigrades zidlala indima ebalulekile ezinhlelweni zokwelashwa kwamanzi angcolile ezinto eziphilayo.

Zidla amaseli amagciwane amahhala, zisiza ekugcineni ukugoba okuhle, futhi zisebenza njengezinkomba ezithembekile zempilo yesistimu.

Lezi zinto eziphilayo zizwela kakhulu ezinguqukweni endaweni yokwelapha.

Ukungabikho kwazo kubonisa ubuthi obuphezulu (ngenxa yamakhemikhali anobuthi, i-COD ephezulu, i-TDS ephezulu, noma i-pH eyeqile), kuyilapho ukuba khona kwazo nohlobo lwazo kwembula isigaba kanye nobudala bokukhula kodaka.

Yiziphi Izigaba Zokwelashwa Kwamanzi Angcolile?

Inqubo yokwelapha amanzi amdaka inezigaba ezintathu: ukwelashwa okuyinhloko (ngokomzimba), ukwelashwa kwesibili (ngokwezinto eziphilayo), kanye nokwelashwa kwesithathu (ukupholisha okuthuthukisiwe).

Ukwelashwa kwamanzi angcolile ezinto eziphilayo kwenzeka esigabeni sesibili, okuyisigaba esibaluleke kakhulu sokususwa kokungcola okungokwemvelo.

Ukwelashwa Okuyinhloko (Inqubo Yomzimba)

Ukwelashwa okuyinhloko kususa izinto ezinkulu eziqinile emanzini angenayo.

Ukuhlolwa kwebha kuhlunga ukhuni, ipulasitiki, izindwangu, kanye nezinye izinsalela. I-clarifier eyinhloko ibe isivumela izinto eziqinile ukuthi zihlale ngamandla adonsela phansi, ngezinye izikhathi ngosizo lwe-coagulants kanye ne-flocculants ukuze kuqhutshekwe izinto eziqinile ezincibilikisiwe.

Uketshezi olusele, olwaziwa ngokuthi ukungcola, lusenazo izinto eziphilayo ezingcoliswayo ezilinganiswa njenge I-BOD (Isidingo Se-Oksijini Yezinto Eziphilayo).

I-BOD inani lomoya-mpilo elidingwa yizinambuzane ezincane ze-aerobic ukuze zibole izinto eziphilayo ezindaweni zasemanzini.

Izinga le-BOD elikhuphukile liyingozi emithonjeni yamanzi futhi lingathinta kakhulu imvelo yasemanzini.

Ukwelashwa Kwesibili (Inqubo Yebhayoloji)

Ukwelashwa kwesibili — okwaziwa nangokuthi ukwelashwa kwamanzi amdaka ezinto eziphilayo — ukwelashwa kwamanzi amdaka okwenziwa ngamagciwane kusuka ku-clarifier eyinhloko.

Isebenzisa izinqubo zezinto eziphilayo ukunciphisa nokususa izinto eziphilayo ezibolayo, ukungcola, kanye nezinto eziqinile ezilengayo eziphunyuka ekwelashweni okuyinhloko.

Izitshalo zokwelapha zinikeza izindawo ezifanele ukuze amagciwane atholakala ngokwemvelo achume futhi asebenze ngobudlova ezintweni eziphilayo.

Amagciwane adla ukungcola okungokwemvelo ukuze akhule futhi akhiphe imikhiqizo engaphansi kwe-carbon dioxide, amanzi kanye namandla.

Inqubo ihilela i-aerobic, i-anaerobic, noma inhlanganisela yakho kokubili ukwelapha amanzi angcolile ngokunciphisa i-COD, i-nitrogen, kanye ne-phosphorus emazingeni ahlangabezana nezindinganiso zemvelo.

Ukwelashwa Okuphakeme (Ukwelashwa Okuthuthukisiwe)

Isigaba sesithathu yisigaba sokugcina, sithuthukisa ikhwalithi yamanzi kuze kube sezingeni elivumela ukuchitheka okuphephile endaweni ezungezile noma ukusetshenziswa kabusha kwamanzi ahlanziwe.

Kubandakanya izinqubo ezifana nokubulala amagciwane, ukuhlungwa kwe-membrane, nokuhlunga kwekhabhoni.

Yiziphi Izinhlobo Zamanzi Angcolile?

Kuye ngomthombo wawo, amanzi angcolile ahlukaniswa ngokuthi amanzi angcolile asekhaya (indle) or amanzi angcolile ezimbonini (ukungcola).

Zombili izinhlobo zidinga ukwelashwa ngaphambi kokuphuma esikhumbeni, kodwa izici zazo - kanye nezindlela zazo zokwelapha - zihluka kakhulu.

Amanzi angcolile ezimbonini ezivela emikhakheni efana noshukela, u-pulp kanye nephepha, ukucubungula ukudla, izindawo zokukhiqiza utshwala, izindawo zobisi, izindawo zokuthunga, kanye nezindawo zokwelapha zivame ukuqukethe amakhemikhali ayingozi, okuhlanganisa i-lead, i-nickel, i-zinc, kanye namagciwane.

Uma ikhishwa ngaphandle kokwelashwa okwanele, iba umthombo omkhulu wokungcola kwemvelo kanye nezingozi empilweni yomphakathi.

Yiziphi izinhlobo zezitshalo zokuhlanza amanzi angcolile ezikhona?

Izinhlobo ezintathu ezivame kakhulu zezitshalo zokuhlanza amanzi amdaka yizitshalo zokuhlanza amanzi amdaka (ETP), izitshalo zokuhlanza amdaka (STP), kanye nezitshalo zokuhlanza amanzi amdaka ezivamile (CETP). Ngayinye ikhonza imithombo ehlukene yamanzi amdaka futhi yaklanywa ngokufanele.

Izitshalo Zokwelapha Ukungcola (ETP)

Ama-ETP asetshenziswa yizimboni ezinezinga eliphezulu lokukhiqiza — izimboni zezindwangu, zemithi, nezamakhemikhali — lapho amanzi angcolile equkethe khona izinto eziphilayo noma ezingaphili ezine-COD ephezulu, i-TDS, kanye ne-pH ephezulu.

Ama-ETP akhethwa futhi aklanywa ngokuya ngohlobo kanye nomthamo ukungcola kwezimboni yenziwe.

Izitshalo Zokwelapha Indle (STP)

Ama-STP asusa ukungcola emanzini angcolile asekhaya akhiqizwa amakoloni okuhlala, izikhungo, kanye nemboni yezokungenisa izihambi. Ama-STP aphatha amanzi angcolile anokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwezinto eziphilayo okungaphathwa ngobunzima obuncane uma kuqhathaniswa nokungcola kwezimboni.

Izitshalo Zokwelapha Ukungcola Okujwayelekile (i-CETP)

Ama-CETP aphatha amanzi angcolile avela ezimbonini ezincane ezahlukahlukene ezingakwazi ukuhlanza ukungcola kwawo endaweni. Ngokuvamile akhiwa ezindaweni zezimboni noma ezinkampanini zokuthuthukisa izimboni.

• Hlola yethu umhlahlandlela ophelele wezitshalo ezahlukahlukene zokuhlanza amanzi angcolile ukuze uthole ukuqhathanisa okujulile.

Yimaphi Amapharamitha Athinta Ukusebenza Kokwelashwa Kwamanzi Angcolile Ezinto Eziphilayo?

Ukukhula okuhle kwama-microorganism ohlelweni lokwelapha amanzi angcolile kudinga ukusebenza okulinganiselayo kwemingcele eminingana yezemvelo.

Izinga lokushisa, i-pH, izakhamzimba, izinto ezinobuthi, umoya-mpilo oncibilikisiwe, kanye nesilinganiso se-Carbon:Nitrogen:Phosphate (C:N:P) konke kuthinta ukusebenza kwamagciwane kanye nokusebenza kahle kokwelashwa.

Lezi zinto kumele zihlolwe njalo ukuze kulondolozwe inani elanele lamagciwane.

Ukuqonda Isikhathi Sokuhlala (MCRT)

Isikhathi sokuhlala — esaziwa nangokuthi Isikhathi Sokuhlala Seseli (MCRT) — ichaza ukuthi ama-microorganisms ahlala isikhathi esingakanani ohlelweni lwe-sludge olusebenzayo ukuze asebenzisane futhi onakalise izinto eziphilayo.

Kubalwa ngokuhlukanisa ivolumu yethangi lesibili ngesilinganiso sokugeleza kokungcola.

Isikhathi sokuhlala esilinganiselwe kahle (ngokuvamile izinsuku ezi-5-15 zodaka olusebenzayo oluvamile) sivumela ukuwohloka okuhle kokungcola futhi sinquma ukwakheka komphakathi wamagciwane.

Uyiqapha Kanjani Impilo Yesistimu Yezinto Eziphilayo?

Ukugcina inani lamagciwane elifunekayo kubalulekile ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle kokwelashwa kwamanzi amdaka okwesibili.

Impilo yezinto eziphilayo yesistimu kumele iqashwe njalo ngezikhathi ezithile kusetshenziswa inhlanganisela yokuhlolwa nge-microscope, ukuhlaziywa kwelabhorethri, kanye nokubuka ngokomzimba.

Ukuhlolwa kweMicroscopic

Ukuhlaziywa okuvamile kwe-microscopic kwembula ubuningi be-floc kanye nesakhiwo, inani lamaseli ebhaktheriya akhululekile, izinhlobo kanye nobuningi bezinhlobo zokuphila eziphakeme, ubuningi bamabhaktheriya ane-filamentous, kanye nokuhlukahluka kwe-protozoa.

Lokhu kunikeza umbono wangaphakathi ngempilo yebhayoloji yesistimu.

Ukuhlaziywa Kwenani Lama-Microbial

Ukuhlaziywa kwenani lama-microbial kusiza ekunqumeni inani eliphelele lama-microbial nge-millilitha ngayinye, izinkomba zokuhlukahluka kwama-microbial, inani elithile lama-bacteria, kanye namazinga e-pathogen kusampula yokungcola.

Izinkomba Zomzimba

Izici ezibonakalayo ngaphandle kwemishini yelabhorethri zifaka:

• Isihogo: Iphunga lomhlabathi libonisa uhlelo oluphilile; iphunga elibi lisikisela izimo ze-anaerobic noma ubuthi
• Umbala: Umbala onsundu omnyama ubonisa ukwelashwa okuhle; umnyama ubonisa izimo ezibangelwa yi-anaerobic; umbala onsundu okhanyayo ungabonisa ukwehla kwesisindo amazinga e-MLSS
• Ukukhukhumala: I-supernatant ecacile ikhombisa ukuhlala kahle; amafu abonisa ukungaguquguquki kahle
• Igwebu: Igwebu elincane elimhlophe livamile; igwebu elinsundu ngokweqile libonisa ukukhula ngokweqile kwamagciwane anemicu

Yiziphi Izinkinga Ezivamile Ezinhlelweni Zokwelapha Zebhayoloji?

Ukuwohloka kohlelo lwesibili lokwelapha ngezinto eziphilayo kuvame ukuhlotshaniswa nokukhula okunciphile kwama-microorganisms afiselekayo noma ukukhula okwandisiwe kwalawo angafuneki, okuholela ekunciphiseni kwe-COD, ukususwa kwe-nitrogen okuncishisiwe, kanye nokugqwala ngokweqile.

Ukuqonda lezi zinkinga - kanye nezimbangela zazo - kubalulekile ekugcineni ukwelashwa kusebenza kahle.

Indlela Yokuvimbela Imithwalo Yokwethuka

Umthwalo wokushaqeka yinoma yiluphi ushintsho oluzumayo kumapharamitha okungcola oluphazamisa uhlelo lwesibili lokwelapha.

Izici eziningana zingabangela ukushaqeka:

• Ukwehluleka kokungenisa umoya: Ukuncipha komoya-mpilo oncibilikisiwe kudala indawo enobuthi, okukhuthaza ukukhula kwe-microflora engathandeki
• Ukufakwa Kwe-Compound Enobuthi: Amakhemikhali anobuthi kakhulu angena emifudlaneni yokungcola angaphazamisa ukukhula kwamagciwane, anciphise i-MLSS ohlelweni lwesibili.
• Ukuguquguquka kwe-pH: Ukushintsha okungazelelwe kube yi-asidi noma i-alkalinity eyingozi kakhulu kungabhubhisa inani lamagciwane
• Ukwehluka Kwezinga Lokugeleza: Ukuguquguquka okukhulu kwesilinganiso sokungena/sokuphuma kushintsha izinga lokulayisha okungokwemvelo kanye nesikhathi sokuhlala

Ukuqapha nokugcina izici zokungcola okungenayo kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle kwesitshalo sokwelapha nokuvimbela imithwalo yokushaqeka.

Yiziphi Izimboni Ezidinga Ukwelashwa Kwamanzi Angcolile Ezinto Eziphilayo?

Noma yimuphi umkhakha wokukhiqiza okhiqiza amanzi angcolile anemithwalo yemvelo, amakhemikhali anobuthi, amazinga aphezulu e-COD, ama-nitrate, ama-phosphate, noma amazinga e-TDS kumele aphathe ukungcola kwawo ngaphambi kokukhishwa.

Ukwelashwa kwamanzi amdaka ngendlela yemvelo kuyindlela eyinhloko yokususa ukungcola kwemvelo kule mikhakha:

• Ezemithi: I-COD ephezulu, ama-antibiotic, izinyibilikisi
• Ukudla Nesiphuzo: I-BOD ephezulu, amafutha, amafutha, amafutha
• Ukucubungula Ubisi: I-Lactose, amaprotheni, umthwalo ophezulu wezinto eziphilayo
• Indawo Yokwenza Iziphuzo Ezishisayo: I-BOD/COD ephezulu kakhulu, umbala omnyama
• Ukukhiqiza Amakhemikhali: Amakhemikhali anobuthi, i-pH eqile
• I-Petrochemical: Ama-hydrocarbon, ama-phenols, ama-sulfide
• Izindwangu Nodayi: Umbala, i-TDS ephezulu, udayi onobuthi
• I-Pulp nephepha: I-Lignin, i-COD ephezulu, umbala
• Indawo yokushunqa izikhumba: I-Chromium, ama-sulfide, i-BOD ephezulu
• Ukucubungula Ushukela: I-BOD ephezulu, izinto eziqinile ezilengayo

Ukusetshenziswa Kwamanzi Angcolile Asenziwe

Uma ephathwa kahle ngokwezindinganiso zemvelo, amanzi angcolile angasetshenziswa kabusha ku:

• Izicelo Zezimboni: Amanzi okupholisa, ukudla kwebhoyila, amanzi okucubungula
• Ukusetshenziswa Kwezolimo: Ukunisela izitshalo ezingezona ezokudla, izindawo eziluhlaza
• Ukubekwa komhlaba: Amapaki, izinkundla zegalofu, ama-median omgwaqo omkhulu
• Ukwakhiwa: Ukulungisa ukhonkolo, ukuqeda uthuli
• Ukusetshenziswa kukamasipala: Ukuhlanza indlu yangasese, ukucima umlilo
• Ukushajwa kabusha kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba: Ukugcwaliswa kabusha kwe-Aquifer

Lokhu kusetshenziswa kabusha kunciphisa kakhulu isidingo semithombo yamanzi ahlanzekile futhi kukhuthaza ukuphathwa kwamanzi okusimeme.

Inkinga Yamanzi Angcolile YaseNdiya: Ubukhulu Benselele

I-India ibhekene nokuntuleka okukhulu kokwelashwa kwamanzi amdaka.

Ngokusho kokuhlolwa kwe-Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) 2020-21, izwe likhiqiza 72,368 MLD (amalitha ayizigidi ngosuku) endle yasemadolobheni — cishe kabili kunesidalwa sasemakhaya esingu-39,604 MLD — kodwa ama-28% kuphela athola ukwelashwa.

Ama-72% asele (52,132 MLD) akhishwa angelashwa emifuleni, emachibini, nasemanzini angaphansi komhlaba.

Igebe Lokwelashwa Kwamanje (Idatha ye-CPCB ka-2020-21)

• 31,841 MLD umthamo wokuhlanza indle ofakiwe (ngu-43.9% kuphela wokukhiqizwa) [Umthombo: Umbiko Wamanzi Angcolile Wasedolobheni we-CPCB]
• 26,869 MLD umthamo wokusebenza (84% wamandla afakiwe ayasebenza ngempela)
• 20,236 MLD ukwelashwa kwangempela (ama-28% kuphela endle ekhiqizwayo) [Umthombo: Ukuhlaziywa kwe-Down to Earth CPCB]
• 44,000 MLD amanzi angcolile ezimbonini akhiqizwa, cishe 6.2 billion wamalitha okusala kungalashwa nsuku zonke [Umthombo: ScienceDirect 2021]

Izibikezelo Zesikhathi Esizayo (2025–2050)

• Ukwenyuka okungu-75–80% ekukhiqizweni kwamanzi angcolile okulindelwe eminyakeni engama-25 ezayo
• Ukukhiqizwa kwendle okuphelele okuzofinyelelwa 130,000 MLD ngo-2045-46 [Umthombo: Umbiko Wesikhungo Sesayensi Nemvelo, Mashi 2025]
• Izakhamuzi zasemadolobheni ezengeziwe eziyizigidi ezingu-416 ngo-2050 eNdiya
• Inani labantu basemadolobheni okufanele lifinyelelwe Ama-50% esewonke ngo-2050 (okwamanje angu-35%) [Umthombo: Umbiko Wemakethe Yokwelashwa Kwamanzi Angcolile eNdiya ka-2024]

Umongo Womhlaba Wonke (i-UN Water 2024)

Emhlabeni jikelele, kuphela Ama-38% amanzi angcolile asezimbonini ayahlanzwa, futhi nje Ama-27% aphathwa ngokuphephile ukuhlangabezana nezindinganiso zemvelo.

Kulinganiselwa Ama-42% amanzi angcolile asekhaya emhlabeni jikelele ayelashwa ngokuphephile, ikhipha cishe ama-113 billion m³ emvelweni minyaka yonke. [Umthombo: Umbiko Wenqubekelaphambili Yamanzi we-UN, Agasti 2024]

Njengoba kubikezelwa ukuthi ukutholakala kwamanzi kungase kwehle ngaphansi kuka-1,000 m³ ngomuntu ngamunye ngonyaka - kuhlukaniswa i-India “njengentuleka kwamanzi” - ukuphuthuma kokwelashwa kwamanzi angcolile ezinto eziphilayo okuphumelelayo akukaze kube nkulu kangaka.

Njengoba ukwakha izitshalo ezintsha zokwelapha kubiza kancane ngezinga elidingekayo, ikhambi eliphumelela kakhulu ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwezinhlelo zokwelapha ezikhona ngokusebenzisa izixazululo zebhayoloji ezithuthukisiwe.

Kungani Ubulongwe Benkomo Bungeyona Isixazululo Esingcono Kakhulu Sokwelashwa Kwamanzi Angcolile

Ngezinye izikhathi ubulongwe benkomo busetshenziswa njengomthombo wamagciwane ekuhlanzweni kwamanzi angcolile, kodwa abufanele ukusetshenziswa ezimbonini.

Ubulongwe bezinkomo buqukethe ama-microorganisms avela emathunjini ezinkomo ajwayele ukugaya ukudla kwezinkomo, hhayi ukungcola kwezimboni.

Uma zidluliselwa endaweni ehluke ngokuphelele futhi enolaka yokulahla udoti, lezi zinto eziphilayo azikwazi ukwelapha amanzi angcolile ngendlela efanele.

• Iphrofayili Engalungile Ye-Microbial: Iqukethe amabhaktheriya asemathunjini ajwayele ukudla kwezinkomo, hhayi ukungcola kwezimboni
• Isingeniso Se-Pathogen: Ithwala amabhaktheriya abangela izifo ayingozi angathinta kabi izinqubo zokwelapha futhi, uma ekhishwa endaweni ezungezile, abangele izingozi empilweni
• Ukwelashwa Okungaphumeleli: Awukwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo zamanzi angcolile ezimbonini ezinzima
• Ukwakheka Okuguquguqukayo: Ukwanda kwamagciwane okungaguquguquki kwenza ukwelashwa okujwayelekile kungenzeki

Akukho okunye okungathatha indawo yesiko lamabhaktheriya elicwaningwe kahle, elenziwe ngokwezifiso lokwelashwa kwamanzi amdaka okwenzelwe ngqo inqubo yokungcola kanye nokwelashwa.

Izixazululo Zokwelapha Ezithuthukisiwe Zebhayoloji ezivela ku-Organica Biotech

Njengoba ineminyaka engaphezu kwengu-25 yobuchwepheshe, ilebhu yocwaningo nokuthuthukiswa egunyaziwe yi-DSIR, kanye nesitifiketi se-ECOCERT, i-Organica Biotech inikeza izixazululo eziningi zokulungisa amagciwane ezenziwe ngokwezifiso ze- ukwelashwa kwamanzi amdaka okuvela emithonjeni yezimboni kanye neyasekhaya.

Uhla Lomkhiqizo we-Cleanmaxx®

I-Cleanmaxx® Aero (ngezinhlelo ze-aerobic), I-Cleanmaxx® ANB (ngezinhlelo ze-anaerobic), kanye I-Cleanmaxx® STP (yokwelashwa kwendle) yimikhiqizo ye-bioculture equkethe amagciwane anolaka kakhulu angakwazi ukwehlisa imithwalo ephezulu yezinto eziphilayo.

Lezi zixazululo ziletha:

• Ukunciphisa okuphezulu kwe-BOD/COD emanzini angcolile
• Ukukhiqizwa kodaka okuncane kakhulu (ukunciphisa okungu-30–50%)
• Ukuqeda iphunga elibi ngokuncintisana namagciwane
• Ukuqina ngaphansi kwemithwalo yokushaqeka kanye nezimo eziguquguqukayo
• Akukho ukuguqulwa okudingekayo ekusethweni kwesistimu ekhona

I-Organica Biotech inikeza nezixazululo ezikhethekile: I-Cleanmaxx® FOG ukwehla kwamafutha, uwoyela, kanye nokwehla kwamafutha, kanye I-Microbster — ingxube yezakhamzimba yemvelo engu-100% ye-nitrogen, i-phosphorus, kanye nezakhamzimba ezincane ezibalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwe-biomass.

Le mikhiqizo ye-bio-augmentation ethuthukisiwe iqukethe ama-microorganisms akhuliswe ngokukhethekile amelana nezimo ezimbi kakhulu, angcolisa ukungcola okuthile kwezimboni ngempumelelo, futhi agcine umsebenzi ophezulu ngaphansi komthwalo oguquguqukayo - okwenza kube yisisombululo esifanele sokunika amandla inqubo yezinto eziphilayo ekuphathweni kwamanzi amdaka kwesibili.

Hlola imiphumela yethu efakazelwe: Bona ukuthi izixazululo ze-Organica Biotech zishintshe kanjani ukwelashwa kwamanzi amdaka kuzo zonke izimboni, noma cela isampula yamahhala ukuhlola esitshalweni sakho.

Imibuzo evame ukubuzwa (FAQs)

Imibuzo Yokwelashwa Okuvamile

1. Uhlelo lwami lwamanzi angcolile olusebenzisa i-aerobic alusebenzi kahle. Yikuphi ukukhulisa amagciwane okungasiza?

Okokuqala, xhumana nomunye wochwepheshe bethu ukuze uthole ukuhlolwa kwesistimu. Ngezinhlelo ze-aerobic, I-Cleanmaxx® Aero ingenye yama-enzyme okwelapha amanzi angcolile asebenza kahle kakhulu.

Le bio-enzyme iqukethe iqembu elikhethekile, elingafani lamabhaktheriya asebenzayo ngendlela ekhethekile anamandla okwanda aphezulu, ayakwazi ukumelana nokwelapha amanzi angcolile anonya.

2. Ngingakwandisa kanjani ukukhiqizwa kwe-biogas kanye nokusebenza kahle kokwelashwa ohlelweni lwami lwe-anaerobic?

Izinhlelo zamanzi angcolile angena-aerobic ziyazwela futhi zidinga amagciwane ahlukahlukene ukuze kuqedwe i-hydrolysis, i-acidogenesis, i-acetogenesis, kanye ne-methanogenesis.

I-Cleanmaxx® ANB ihlinzeka ngengxube ehlukahlukene kakhulu yama-anaerobes anekhono aqinisa futhi azinzise izinhlelo ze-anaerobic, okwandisa ukunciphisa kwe-COD-BOD ngenkathi kuthuthukiswa ukukhiqizwa kwe-biogas umthamo kanye nokunciphisa ivolumu yodaka.

3. Ngidinga izakhamzimba ohlelweni lwami lwezinto eziphilayo. I-Organica Biotech ingasiza kanjani?

Ukugcina isilinganiso esifanele se-C:N:P kubalulekile ekusebenzeni kahle kokwelashwa. I-Microbster iyisengezo sezakhamzimba semvelo esingu-100%, esinobungani nemvelo — ingxube ye-nitrogen, i-phosphorus, izakhamzimba ezincane, kanye nezinto ezikhuthaza ukukhula kwezitshalo ezibalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwe-biomass ekuhlanzweni kwamanzi angcolile kanye nokwelashwa kwamanzi angcolile ezimbonini.

Ochwepheshe bethu bazokuqondisa ngenqubo yokulinganisa.

4. Nginamafutha amaningi, amafutha, kanye nokwakheka kwamafutha amaningi, okubangela iphunga elibi. Kufanele ngenzeni?

I-Cleanmaxx® FOG yenzelwe ngqo ukunciphisa ukunqwabelana ngokweqile kwamafutha, amafutha, kanye namafutha.

Amagciwane ayo akhuliswe ngokukhetha, aqondene ngqo nawo ayavuselelwa uma exutshwa namanzi, onakalise ngokuphelele imfucuza yezinto eziphilayo ngesikhathi sokwelashwa kwamanzi amdaka futhi anciphise ukukhishwa kwephunga elibi.

5. I-STP yami ayikwazi ukusingatha amanzi aqinile asemadolobheni anesisindo esikhulu sezinto eziphilayo. I-Cleanmaxx STP isiza kanjani?

I-Cleanmaxx® STP isebenza ngezinyathelo ezimbili: okokuqala, ukuphula amakhemikhali ayinkimbinkimbi abe ama-polymer alula, bese ewohloza kakhulu abe yi-carbon dioxide namanzi.

Iqukethe izinhlobo ezikhethekile zamagciwane ezisindayo futhi ezisebenza ngaphansi kwemithwalo yokushaqeka, zibulala ngempumelelo iningi lezinto ezingcolisayo ezenziwe ngabantu nezemvelo ezitholakala emanzini angcolile kamasipala.

6. Ngiyihlola kanjani impilo yamanje yesimiso sami sezinto eziphilayo?

I-Organica Biotech's Ucwaningo lwe-BioCheck ihlaziya impilo yamanje kanye nesimo sesimiso sezinto eziphilayo esitshalweni sakho sokuhlanza amanzi angcolile noma sezimboni. Xhumana nethimba lethu ukuze uhlele ukuhlolwa.

7. Ingabe wonke ama-microbes asebenza kahle ngokulinganayo ekuphatheni amanzi angcolile ngezinto eziphilayo?

Cha. Amagciwane abonisa ukwehlukahluka okukhulu kwezinto eziphilayo kunanoma yiziphi ezinye izinhlobo zokuphila emhlabeni. Kuye ngendawo ezungezile, umthombo wokudla, kanye nezakhi zofuzo zamagciwane, ikhono lawo lokubhubhisa izinhlobo ezahlukene zemfucuza liyahlukahluka.

Ekuphathweni kwamanzi amdaka ezimbonini, isici esiyinhloko esinquma ukusebenza uhlobo lokungcola kanye nendlela yokwelapha.

Isihluthulelo sokwelashwa okuphumelelayo sisekukhetheni umlingani ofanele wezinambuzane ezihambisana nezimo zezitshalo zakho.

8. Ngingayinciphisa yini i-ammonia ngokwelashwa kwesibili kwamanzi angcolile?

Yebo. Ukuhlushwa kwe-ammonia kungancishiswa ngesenzo samagciwane ngenqubo enezinyathelo ezimbili: okokuqala, i-ammonia i-oxidized ibe yi-nitrites kanye ne-nitrate (i-nitrification), bese kuba yi-nitrate encishiswa ibe yigesi ye-nitrogen (i-denitrification).

Ukususwa kwe-nitrification kubaluleke kakhulu ngoba ukukhulula ama-nitrate emvelweni kubangela i-eutrophication kanye i-algal blooms.

9. Ngingakuthola kanjani ukunciphisa i-COD okuphumelelayo uma ukungcola kwami ​​​​kuqukethe i-TDS ephezulu?

Izinto eziqinile ezincibilikisiwe eziningi zivimbela ukukhula kwamagciwane ngenxa yokucindezeleka kwe-osmotic. Ama-microorganism ase-Cleanmaxx akhethwe ngokukhethekile ngenxa yekhono lawo lokugcina ukungcola okuphezulu kwe-TDS futhi asanikeza ukunciphisa okusebenzayo kwe-COD ezitshalweni zokwelashwa kwamanzi amdaka ezimbonini.

Imibuzo Yokusebenza Nokuxazulula Izinkinga

10. Ingabe amabhaktheriya anemicu esitshalweni sami sokwelapha sebhayoloji ayimbangela yokukhathazeka?

Ngobuningi obuncane, amabhaktheriya anemicu ayafiseleka — akha umgogodla wokwakheka kwe-floc, okuholela odakeni olunempilo.

Kodwa-ke, ukuminyana okuphezulu kwamagciwane anemicu kubonisa ukuthi isilinganiso sokudla-kuya-ku-microbe (F/M), i-pH, noma i-oxygen encibilikisiwe kungenzeka kungabi ngcono kakhulu.

Phenya imbangela eyinhloko ngokushesha, njengoba ukuba khona okuqhubekayo kuholela ekuqhumeni kwegwebu eliningi kanye nokuncipha kokusebenza kahle kokwelashwa.

11. Ngingawuhlaziya kanjani ubuthi bokungcola okusesitshalweni sami?

Ukuba khona kwezinhlobo zokuphila eziphakeme (ama-ciliates, ama-flagellates, ama-rotifers) kubonisa ukungcola okungenabo ubuthi noma okunobuthi obuphansi kakhulu.

Ukungabikho kwazo — kanye nenani eliphansi lamagciwane — kubonisa izimo ezinobuthi ezidinga ukwelashwa okwengeziwe ngaphambi kokucutshungulwa kwezinto eziphilayo.

12. Nginganciphisa yini ubuthi bokungcola kwami ​​​​ngokusebenzisa ukwelashwa kwezinto eziphilayo?

Yebo, isenzo samagciwane singahlukanisa amakhemikhali anobuthi anesisindo esikhulu sama-molecule abe ama-molecule amancane asetshenziswa amagciwane njengomthombo wokudla, okunciphisa ubuthi obuphelele. Lokhu kumele kuhlolwe esikalini sokuqala.

I-Organica Biotech's Indlela ye-BioSure ihlola ukusebenza kahle kwemikhiqizo yokulungisa izinto eziphilayo isebenzisa ukungcola okuvela esitshalweni sakho, ihlinzeka ngesimo esingokoqobo kanye nesisombululo.

13. Nginganquma kanjani ubukhulu kanye nesilinganiso sokulahlwa kodaka?

Ukujikeleza kabusha kodaka kuvame ukunqunywa ngokusekelwe emazingeni e-MLSS kanye ne-MLVSS akhona ohlelweni lwakho kanye nezici zokuxazulula udaka lwakho. Ukulinganiswa kwe-SVI okuvamile kusiza ukuthuthukisa leli bhalansi.

14. Ngingakuqonda kanjani ukusebenza kahle kwesitshalo sokwelapha ngaphandle kwesibonakhulu?

Uma kungekho imishini yelabhorethri, izici zomzimba zamanzi angcolile zinikeza izinkomba ezithembekile: iphunga (eliwumhlaba = elinempilo; elingcolile = ukucindezeleka), umbala (onsundu omnyama = omuhle; omnyama = izimo ezingasebenzi kahle), ukudungeka kwamanzi, kanye nezici ze-foam.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukulinganisa i-Sludge Volume Index (SVI) kwembula ukuthuthukiswa kodaka kanye nekhono lokuzinza ethangini lokungenisa umoya.

15. Iliphi izinga le-DO elifanelekile endaweni yokuhlanza amanzi angcolile?

Izinga lomoya-mpilo elincibilikisiwe eliphakathi kuka-1 no-2 mg/L livame ukugcinwa. Amazinga aphansi e-DO aphazamisa ukukhula kwamagciwane futhi anciphise ukusebenza kahle kokwelashwa, kuyilapho i-DO ephezulu kakhulu ingase ibonise ukwehla kwe-MLSS noma ukungena komfudlana onobuthi.

16. Ngingakuphinda kanjani ukwelashwa kwamanzi amdaka ngokwebhayoloji ngesikali sokuhlola?

Ukuphinda inqubo yangempela yezinto eziphilayo elabhorethri kunzima.

Indlela ye-BioSure eklanywe ngokukhethekile ye-Organica Biotech ihlola ukusebenza kahle kwemikhiqizo yethu yokulungisa amanzi amdaka kusetshenziswa ukungcola okuvela esitshalweni sakho, okuhlinzeka ngesimo esingokoqobo sokuhlola ngaphambi kokusetshenziswa okugcwele.

17. Ingabe kufanele ngifake ama-microorganisms ethangini eliyinhloko?

Ngokuvamile, akukhuthazwa. Emathangini okwelapha okuqala, izimo zingase zingabi ngcono ukukhula kwamagciwane — inani elikhulu le-alum, ama-polyelectrolyte, noma ezinye izinto ezihlalisa amakhemikhali, kanye ne-pH eguquguqukayo, kuyingozi kuma-microbes. Ukukhula kwamagciwane kufanele kuqalwe esigabeni sesibili sokwelashwa.

18. Ingabe ukuba khona kwezinsimbi ezisindayo kuthinta ukwelashwa kwesibili?

Izinsimbi ezisindayo zinobuthi kuma-microorganism futhi zingaphazamisa ukukhula kwazo. Ama-microorganism ase-Cleanmaxx angasinda uma kukhona amazinga aphakathi ensimbi esindayo.

Kodwa-ke, amazinga aphezulu adinga ukuhlanzwa ngamakhemikhali kanye nezinye izindlela zangaphambi kokwelashwa ngaphambi kokuba ukungcola kuphathwe ngebhayoloji.

19. Ingabe izingxenye eziphilayo kanye nezinga-organic zingaphathwa ngokwezinto eziphilayo?

Ngobuchwepheshe, ama-microorganism angasebenzisa kuphela amakhemikhali e-organic njengomthombo wawo oyinhloko wokudla.

Kodwa-ke, izinhlobo ezithile zamagciwane zingadla nezinye izinto ezingaphili — uma nje une-bacterial culture efanele kuma-biological units akho.

Isihluthulelo ukukhetha uhlobo olufanele lwe-microbial lokwakheka kwakho kokungcola.

20. Iyiphi indlela yokususa amagciwane engcono kakhulu emanzini angcolile?

Amagciwane — amagciwane ayingozi kubantu, ezilwaneni, noma ezimpilweni zasemanzini — angasuswa ngezinqubo zamakhemikhali, zomzimba, noma zebhayoloji ngesikhathi sezinyathelo zokwelapha zesibili nezesithathu.

Ukukhetha kuncike emazingeni okungcola kanye nezindinganiso zemvelo, ezempilo kanye nokuphepha ezidingekayo. Ngokuvamile, inhlanganisela yokwelashwa kwezinto eziphilayo okulandelwa ukubulala amagciwane kwesigaba sesithathu inikeza ukususwa kwegciwane okuphumelelayo kakhulu.

Ikusasa Lokwelashwa Kwamanzi Angcolile Ezinto Eziphilayo

Ukwelashwa kwamanzi amdaka asebenzisa izinto eziphilayo kusalokhu kuyindlela ezinzile kakhulu, engabizi kakhulu, futhi enakekela imvelo yokuphatha amanzi amdaka asezimbonini nawasekhaya.

Kusukela yasungulwa ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, iye yaba umgogodla wokwelashwa kwamanzi angcolile emhlabeni jikelele.

Kodwa-ke, ubukhulu bale nselele bukhule kakhulu.

Ngokukhiqiza kwe-India Amanzi angcolile asemadolobheni angu-72,368 MLD nsuku zonke kodwa ukwelapha kuphela 28%kanye nezibikezelo ezibonisa Ukwenyuka okungu-75–80% ekukhiqizweni kwamanzi angcolile eminyakeni engama-25 ezayo, ukuphuthuma kwesinyathelo akukaze kube nkulu kangaka.

Impumelelo ekuphathweni kwamanzi angcolile ngezinto eziphilayo incike ku:

• Ukuqonda izici ezithile zamanzi akho angcolile
• Ukukhetha ubuchwepheshe bokwelapha obufanele kanye nokukhula kwamagciwane
• Ukugcina amapharamitha okusebenza afanele njalo
• Ukuqapha njalo kanye nokuphathwa kohlelo olusebenzayo
• Ukutshala imali ezixazululweni ezikhethekile ze-bioculture zamanzi amdaka ayinkimbinkimbi

Intuthuko yesimanje ekulimeni amagciwane, ukuqonda izakhi zofuzo, kanye nobuchwepheshe bokukhulisa i-bio kwenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukwelapha imifudlana yamanzi amdaka eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ngenkathi kunciphisa izindleko zokusebenza kanye nomthelela emvelweni.

Ngokuhlanganisa izinqubo zebhayoloji ezifakazelwe nezixazululo ezintsha zamagciwane, izimboni kanye nomasipala bangafinyelela ukuthobela imithetho, bavikele izinsiza zamanzi, futhi banikele ekuphathweni kwamanzi okusimeme ezizukulwaneni ezizayo.

Ukwelashwa kwamanzi angcolile ngebhayoloji kusebenzisa amandla ezinto ezincane eziphilayo ezitholakala ngokwemvelo ukuguqula ukungcola kube izinto ezingenangozi.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngezinqubo ze-aerobic ezithembele ku-oxygen noma izinhlelo ze-anaerobic ezisebenza ngaphandle kwayo, lezi zisebenzi ezincane zinikeza ikhambi elinobungani nemvelo nelingabizi kakhulu lenye yezinselelo zemvelo ezicindezela kakhulu abantu — ukwelashwa okuphephile kanye nokusetshenziswa kabusha kwamanzi.

Inothi Ngemithombo Yedatha: Izibalo ezikulesi sihloko zithathwe emibikweni ye-Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) ka-2020-21, ukuhlolwa kwe-Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) kusukela ngo-2024-25, imibiko ye-UN Water (2024), izincwadi zocwaningo lwe-Down to Earth, kanye nemibiko yocwaningo lwemakethe olubuyekezwe ontanga. Zonke izibalo zixhunywe emithonjeni yazo yokuqala ukuze kuqinisekiswe.