IiMicrobes: Wonke uMlimi akakho Nkwenkwezi eyiMfihlo kangako

Umhlaba wethu sesinye sezona zizathu zibalaseleyo zokuba ubomi bubekho kwesi sijikelezi-langa.

Ngokwengcaciso, umhlaba zizinto ezisemhlabeni ezenziwe ngeeminerali ezahlukeneyo kunye nezinto eziphilayo.

Umhlaba uxhasa kwaye wondle ubomi bezityalo nezilwanyana ngokunika izondlo.

Abantu bakudala batshintsha ikamva labo kunye neyethu xa bevela kubazingeli-abaqokeleli ukuya ekubeni ngabalimi bomhlaba.

Ngokuhamba kwexesha, i-chemistry yethu ngomhlaba iye yavela kwaye yanceda ukwenza isiseko sempucuko yethu ekhulayo kulo mhlaba.

Ukusuka kwi-algae encinci ye-unicellular ukuya kwizityalo ezintsonkothileyo zemithambo, phantse zonke iintyatyambo zidinga umhlaba ukuze zikhule.

Yonke imihlaba ekhoyo eMhlabeni ingumxube wezinto ezintathu: udongwe, intlabathi, kunye nesanti.

Ezi zinto zibonisa ngokuthe ngqo iimpawu zomhlaba ezifana nomthamo wokubamba amanzi kunye namanqanaba ezondlo, kwaye zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kwimisebenzi yezolimo.

Kuyimfuneko ukuba nawuphi na umlimi athathele ingqalelo ukubunjwa komhlaba ukuze aqinisekise izivuno ezinempumelelo.

Ukuqonda umhlaba nako kunceda umlimi akhethe indlela efanelekileyo yokunkcenkceshela izityalo zakhe.

Umzekelo, i-loam, uhlobo lomhlaba olutyebileyo kakhulu , luqulathe umlinganiselo olinganayo wodongwe, i-silt, kunye nesanti.

Inomthamo ongcono wokubamba amanzi kunye nesantya sokuphefumla kunye nokwakheka kwezondlo eziphezulu, zonke ziyimfuneko ekukhuleni kwezityalo ezisempilweni.

Kwelinye icala, umhlaba onesanti unomoya ophezulu, kwaye amanzi aphuma ngokulula.

Udongwe lwenziwe ngamasuntswana amahle kwaye lunommandla omkhulu.

Umhlaba onepesenti ephezulu yodongwe unomthamo ophezulu wokubamba amanzi, kwaye unikezelo lwamanzi olugqithisileyo lukhokelela ekuqokeleleni kwamanzi ezingcanjini.

Yonke imihlaba yehlabathi iqulethe iindidi ezimbini zesiqulatho seminerali.

Iiminerali eziphambili zibonisa ngokuthe ngqo izinto zomzali apho umhlaba wenziwa khona, njenge-calcium, isinyithi, i-magnesium kunye ne-silica.

Kwelinye icala, iiminerali zesibini zibangelwa kukuguquka kweeminerali zesibini.

Bajongene nokukhululwa kwee-ion ezininzi kunye nokuzinzisa ifom yamaminerali.

Isiqulatho seminerali emhlabeni siyahluka ngokwejografi.

Ngokomzekelo, umhlaba obomvu ovela kwi-Western Ghats uqulethe ubuninzi be-iron oxides, ngelixa umhlaba we-Ganga basin ucebile kwi-silicates.

Kunye neeminerali, umxholo we-organic lelinye icandelo elibalulekileyo lokukhula kwezityalo ezisempilweni.

Izilwanyana kunye nezityalo ezifileyo, kunye ne-lindle yezilwanyana, zezona zinegalelo elikhulu kumxholo we-organic emhlabeni.

Umhlaba otyebileyo kumxholo we-organic ulungile kwezolimo njengoko ubonelela izityalo ngezinto eziyimfuneko ezifana nenitrogen, isulfure, kunye nekhabhoni.

Isiqulatho se-Organic kwakhona sibamba ukufuma kwaye sigcina iingcambu zimanzi.

• Funda: Ii-Microbes: Amaqhawe amakhulu angabonakaliyo

Umhlaba uyawondla ulimo lwethu, kwaye ezolimo zigcina kwaye zichaza ubomi bethu ngokubonelela ngokutya.

Nangona kunjalo, ezolimo zihlala ziphazamisana nendalo yendalo, njengoko ingeyiyo yonke imihlaba ekulungeleyo ukulima.

Isidingo sokutshintsha kunye nokwandisa umhlaba ukwandisa isivuno kukhokelele ekuvelisweni nokusetyenziswa kwezichumisi zokwenziwa.

Ukuxhaphaka kwawo, ngokungekho sikweni, nokusebenzisa kwawo ngendlela engafanelekanga kuye kwakhokelela kwingxaki yehlabathi yokungachumi komhlaba kwakunye nokuphazamiseka nokonakala kwezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni wonke.

Iimicroorganisms ezifana nebhaktiriya, iprotozoa, kunye nomngundo yi-microflora yomhlaba.

Zihlala emhlabeni kwaye zisebenzisa izinto eziphilayo kunye neeminerali ezikhoyo emhlabeni njengokutya kwazo.

Ezi microorganisms zixhotyiswe ngokupheleleyo ngeefektri ze-biochemical ezenza izenzo ezahlukeneyo zokondla izityalo.

Masithathe umzekelo wokulungiswa kwe-nitrogen. Umoya wethu wenziwe yi-78% yeNitrogen.

I-nitrojeni ikhona kuzo zonke iintlobo zezinto eziphilayo, ukuqala kwimizila yethu yemfuza ukuya kwii-amino acids.

Nangona yenziwe ngenitrogen, akukho silwanyana okanye sityalo esinokutya initrogen esemoyeni ngokuthe ngqo.

I-nitrogen ye-atmospheric kufuneka kuqala ilungiswe emhlabeni, apho iqala khona uhambo lwayo kwi-ikhosistim yethu kunye nokutya kwethu.

Iintsholongwane zilungisa initrogen emhlabeni ngokuyiguqula ibe ziinitrate kunye neenitrites, ezityiwa zizityalo.

Iibhaktheriya okanye iifungi ezilungisa i-nitrogen zikhona emhlabeni ngeendlela ezimbini: ubomi obukhululekileyo kunye nobudlelwane bokubambisana neengcambu zezityalo.

Iintsholongwane eziphila ngokukhululekileyo ezifana ne-Azotobacter azidingi sixhobo ukuze zilungise i-nitrogen.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iibhaktheriya ze-symbiotic zikhusela kwiingcambu zezityalo, zenza isakhiwo sokulungiswa kwenitrogen.

Iibhaktheriya ze-Symbiotic ezifana neRhizobia zifumaneka kakhulu kwizityalo ze-leguminous.

Izixokelelwano zezityalo ezijikelezayo zibandakanya ukulima izityalo ezinemidumba njengoko zibuyisela initrogen ebisetyenziswa sisityalo sangaphambili, kugcinwe ukulingana kwezondlo emhlabeni.

Kunye nenitrogen, iphosphorus yinto yesibini engundoqo efunekayo kuphuhliso lwezityalo.

Kwinqanaba lokuqala lokukhula kwezityalo, ukubonelelwa okwaneleyo kwe-phosphorus kubalulekile ekuphuhliseni iindawo zokuzala zezityalo.

I-Phosphorus yomeleza izityalo ngokunika amandla kunye nokumelana nezifo njengoko inoxanduva lokukhula kweengcambu.

Ikwalawula ukumila kwembewu kunye nokuvuthwa kweesiriyeli kunye nemifuno.

Ukunqongophala kwePhosphorus kudodobalisa ukukhula kwezityalo.

Nangona ikhona ngobuninzi emhlabeni, kwizinto eziphilayo kunye ne-inorganic form, ukufumaneka kwayo kulinganiselwe ngenxa yendalo yawo enganyibiliki.

Iibhaktheriya ezininzi, i-actinomycetes, kunye neentlobo zefungal zinokunyibilikisa i-phosphorus ekhoyo emhlabeni.

I-Solubilised phosphorus luhlobo lwe-bioavailable oluququzelela ukufunxwa kweengcambu zezityalo.

Iqondo lobushushu, kunye nobukho bezinye izondlo ezifana nenitrogen kunye neoksijini, zinempembelelo kakhulu kwisakhono sephosphate-solubilising kwezi microorganisms.

• Funda kwakhona: Ngaba iintsholongwane ziyayiphucula impilo yezilwanyana kwifama yakho yeenkukhu?

Kunye nezondlo namanzi, izityalo zifuna iihomoni zezityalo, kuquka ii-auxins, ii-gibberellins, ii-cytokinins, ii-abscisic acids, kunye ne-ethylene.

Nangona izityalo zinokudibanisa iihomoni ukukhuthaza ukukhula kwazo, isixa sihlala singonelanga.

Iibhaktheriya, kunye neefungi ezihlala kwi-rhizosphere, nazo zivelisa iihomoni zezityalo njenge-metabolites yazo yesibini.

Ukusondela kwezi ntsholongwane kunceda izityalo ukuba zifunxe iihomoni kwaye zihlangabezane neemfuno zazo.

Kwihlabathi liphela, kuye kwaqhutywa izifundo ezininzi kunye nophando kwiintsholongwane ukuze zisebenzise amandla azo ukukhulisa imveliso yezolimo.

Olu phando lukhokelele kuphuhliso lwezichumiso zebhayoloji kunye nezibulali-zinambuzane ezisetyenziswa kulimo oluzinzileyo.

Ukusetyenziswa ngobulumko kwezi mveliso zezolimo ezinobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo kunokubangela ukuba umhlaba wethu uhambele phambili kwindlela eya kukhuseleko lokutya.

Izichumisi ze-Bio-zichumisi zenziwe ngebhaktiriya ephilayo okanye umngundo.

Ezi zinto ziphilayo zixhomekeke kwizityalo, kwaye izenzo ezijoliswe kuzo kwizityalo ezithile zibonelela ngezondlo ezifunekayo kunye namahomoni.

Ngokungafaniyo nezichumiso zokwenziwa zenitrogen kunye nephosphate, izichumisi zebio azibangeli bungozi emhlabeni.

Emva kwamashumi amane eminyaka yeGreen Revolution, izichumisi zemichiza neetyuwa zazo ziye zafumba emhlabeni, nto leyo ebangele ukwanda kwealkalinity neasidi.

Izichumisi zebhayoloji ezifana neMagicGro DripSol azinakukhulisa kuphela ukukhula kwezityalo kodwa zikwabuyisela umgangatho womhlaba.

Ziqulethe iibhaktheriya ze-denitifying, ezibuyisela umva iziphumo ze-nitrogen leaching.

I-Urea, esinye sezona zichumisi zekhemikhali ezisetyenziswa kakhulu, ibangele ukuba kubekho initrogen egqithisileyo emhlabeni.

Iibhaktheriya ezichazayo zisebenzisa i-ammonia kunye neetyuwa zayo kwaye ziziguqule zibe yinitrogen enegesi ekhutshelwa emoyeni.

Ngokunciphisa umthamo wenitrogen emhlabeni, zibuyisela umva ungcoliseko lwemichiza, nto leyo evumela izityalo ukuba zikhule kwaye zichume kumhlaba osempilweni.

Izichumisi zebhayoloji ziza ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo; amafama angasebenzisa ezi zichumisi ngokuzigquma kwiimbewu okanye ngokuzigalela ngqo emhlabeni.

Benza inkqubo yendalo esempilweni eneengcambu zezityalo ezibanceda ukuba bafunxe izondlo ezininzi emhlabeni.

I-Fungal bio-fertiliser iseka imibutho ye-mycorrhizal kunye neengcambu zezityalo ezigcina umswakama kwaye zikhusele iingcambu ekuphelelweni kwamanzi.

Izichumisi zebhayoloji zikwadibanisa iimveliso ezisebenza njenge-antibiotics ngokuchasene neentsholongwane ezihlasela iingcambu, oko kukuthi, zibonelela ngokumelana nezifo zezityalo.

Kunye nokutya, iintsholongwane zinokusetyenziswa ukukhusela izityalo kwizitshabalalisi ezaziwayo, nto leyo eyingozi enkulu ekukhuleni kwezityalo.

Kukho iimeko embalini apho izinambuzane ezitshabalalisayo ziye zakhokelela kwindlala kwimimandla eyahlukahlukeneyo yehlabathi.

Kukho iingxelo ezininzi zokufumba kwezibulali-zinambuzane kwimilambo namachibi ezonakalise izityalo nezilwanyana zasekuhlaleni.

I-DDT, isibulali-zinambuzane esidume kakubi esisetyenziswa eIndiya, ibe noxanduva lokutshayela zonke iintaka neentlanzi.

Ezinye izibulali-zinambuzane ezisebenzisa iikhemikhali ziyi-mutagens – iikhemikhali ezibangela ukwakheka kwethumba.

Amayeza e-bio-pesticides aneenzuzo ezininzi kunemichiza yokutshabalalisa izinambuzane.

Ziimveliso ezingqamene nezityalo eziqulathe iijini ezihlaselayo zokuhlasela izinambuzane.

Azinabungozi ebantwini okanye kwi-ecosystem, kwaye izenzo zabo ezijoliswe kuzo zihlisa izinambuzane, zishiya isityalo ukuba siphumelele.

Imichiza yokhula ephilayo iqulethe imizila yemfuza ehlaselayo ejolise kukhula olukhuphisana nezityalo ngamanzi kunye nezondlo, ekugqibeleni luzibulale.

Iintsholongwane ezisuka kwizichumisi zebhayoloji, izitshabalalisi zebhayoloji, kunye nemichiza yokhula ephilayo ziyaziphindaphinda.

Ukuba sithelekisa iindleko zeemveliso zokwenziwa ezisetyenziswa rhoqo ngexesha lonyaka ukuya kwiimveliso ze-bio, akukho khuphiswano.

Iimveliso ze-Bio ziphumelela izandla.

Sisoloko sisiva ootatomkhulu bethu bethetha ngendlela imifuno yayidla ngokuba nencasa ngayo xa babengabantwana.

Abaphazamanga. Izichumisi zokwenziwa kunye nezitshabalalisi zihluba izityalo zethu kunye nemifuno incasa yazo yendalo!

Yiba nomfanekiso wehlabathi apho yonke into incasa ngokungeyomfuneko.

Ngaba thina, nezizukulwana ezizayo, asikufanelekeli ukuva incasa yokwenene yokutya okunesondlo, kanye njengokuba oomakhulu nootatomkhulu bethu benzayo?

Ukuba eli likamva esilifunayo, ke iteknoloji ye-microbial iyimpendulo yethu.

Ngaphezu koko, ukusebenzisa iteknoloji yeentsholongwane ukuxhasa imveliso yezolimo yeyona ndlela ifanelekileyo yokusabela kwisisa esikhulu sendalo kwaye yeyona anelungelo lokuyifumana ngokwenene.